42 steels used in modern and traditional blades. Use the sliders to filter by minimum property level, or filter by intended use. Click any steel name for full details.
Ratings are banded 1–5 (Low to Very High), not exact figures, compiled from established metallurgical literature including Knife Steel Nerds. Toughness and edge retention are opposing properties in virtually every steel — there is no steel that rates "Very High" on both.
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42 of 42 steels shown
Steel
Use
Hardness
Edge Retention
Toughness
Corrosion Resistance
1095Carbon
Both
56–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Low
56–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Low
A simple high-carbon steel with no significant alloying beyond carbon and manganese. Cheap, easy to forge and sharpen, and a longtime favourite for bushcraft and fixed blades. Needs oiling to prevent rust and won't hold an edge as long as alloyed steels.
1084Carbon
Both
56–60 HRC
Below Average
High
Low
56–60 HRC
Below Average
High
Low
A slightly leaner carbon steel than 1095, prized by bladesmiths for even hardening and forgiving heat treatment. Common in hand-forged Damascus billets. Toughness edges out 1095 with a small trade in wear resistance.
W2Carbon
Knife
60–64 HRC
Average
Average
Low
60–64 HRC
Average
Average
Low
A water-hardening tool steel that can be given a hamon (visible hardening line) through differential heat treatment, making it popular with custom makers chasing a traditional Japanese look. Similar performance envelope to 1095.
O1Tool
Knife
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Low
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Low
An oil-hardening tool steel with small chromium and tungsten additions for fine grain and easier heat treatment than water-hardening steels. A traditional choice for woodworking tools and forged fixed blades.
5160Low-alloy
Both
57–60 HRC
Below Average
Very High
Low
57–60 HRC
Below Average
Very High
Low
A spring steel with a long history in swordmaking and large camp knives thanks to exceptional toughness at usable hardness. Edge retention is modest, but it shrugs off the kind of impact that would chip a harder steel.
52100Low-alloy
Both
60–64 HRC
Average
High
Low
60–64 HRC
Average
High
Low
A high-carbon bearing steel with enough chromium for fine carbide structure but not stainless levels of resistance. A benchmark general-purpose forging steel with a strong balance of edge holding and toughness.
80CrV2Low-alloy
Both
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Low
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Low
A chromium-vanadium spring steel similar in role to 5160 with slightly finer grain from the vanadium addition. Popular with production fixed-blade makers for its consistent, forgiving heat treatment.
D2Tool
Knife
58–62 HRC
High
Below Average
Average
58–62 HRC
High
Below Average
Average
A high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel often mislabelled 'semi-stainless' — it has enough chromium to resist light staining but not enough left in solution after carbide formation for true stainless performance. Strong wear resistance, average toughness.
A2Tool
Knife
57–62 HRC
Average
High
Below Average
57–62 HRC
Average
High
Below Average
An air-hardening tool steel that reduces warping risk during heat treatment compared to oil- or water-hardening steels. Sits between D2 and the low-alloy steels for edge retention and toughness.
CPM-3VPM Tool
Knife
58–62 HRC
Average
Very High
Below Average
58–62 HRC
Average
Very High
Below Average
A powder-metallurgy tool steel built specifically for toughness, widely used in hard-use and survival fixed blades that need to take abuse without chipping. Corrosion resistance is limited — plan on maintenance.
CPM-4VPM Tool
Knife
60–63 HRC
High
High
Below Average
60–63 HRC
High
High
Below Average
Sits above 3V in wear resistance while retaining strong toughness, one of the more balanced non-stainless powder steels available.
CPM-CruWearPM Tool
Knife
61–64 HRC
High
High
Below Average
61–64 HRC
High
High
Below Average
A powder-metallurgy steel with a genuinely strong balance of edge retention and toughness — frequently cited as one of the best all-round non-stainless options on the market.
CPM-M4PM Tool
Knife
62–65 HRC
Very High
Average
Below Average
62–65 HRC
Very High
Average
Below Average
A high-speed tool steel adapted for knives, with molybdenum and vanadium carbides giving excellent edge retention. Less tough than CruWear or 4V, and needs oiling to manage corrosion.
K390PM Tool
Knife
61–65 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
61–65 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
An extremely high-vanadium powder steel developed for demanding industrial tooling, repurposed for premium knives chasing maximum wear resistance.
Vanadis 4EPM Tool
Knife
60–63 HRC
High
High
Below Average
60–63 HRC
High
High
Below Average
A Swedish powder-metallurgy steel with a well-regarded balance of properties, often compared favourably to CruWear.
CPM-10VPM Tool
Knife
60–64 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
60–64 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
One of the higher-vanadium powder steels available, built almost entirely around maximum abrasion resistance.
Vanadis 8PM Tool
Knife
61–64 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
61–64 HRC
Very High
Below Average
Below Average
A very high vanadium-carbide powder steel from the same family as 10V.
AEB-LStainless
Knife
60–64 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
60–64 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
A Swedish stainless steel with a fine, even carbide structure that gives it toughness well above what its modest alloy content would suggest.
14C28NStainless
Knife
58–62 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
58–62 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
A Sandvik stainless steel with a small nitrogen addition for extra corrosion resistance over AEB-L.
N690Stainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
High
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
High
An Austrian stainless steel with cobalt added for fine grain structure, popular in European folders and hunting knives.
VG-10Stainless
Knife
60–61 HRC
Average
Average
High
60–61 HRC
Average
Average
High
A Japanese stainless steel widely used in kitchen cutlery and folders, often clad in softer stainless layers.
154CMStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
An American stainless steel with a long track record in production knives.
CPM-154Stainless
Knife
59–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
59–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
The powder-metallurgy version of 154CM, with a finer carbide structure that improves toughness.
440CStainless
Both
56–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
High
56–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
High
An older American stainless steel, once the high end of production cutlery before powder-metallurgy steels arrived.
AUS-8Stainless
Knife
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
A Japanese budget stainless steel common in mass-market folders and outdoor knives.
8Cr13MoVStainless
Knife
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
A Chinese stainless steel that dominates the budget knife market worldwide.
12C27Stainless
Knife
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
57–59 HRC
Below Average
High
High
A Swedish Sandvik stainless steel used across budget-to-midrange knives.
CTS-XHPStainless
Knife
60–62 HRC
Average
Average
Average
60–62 HRC
Average
Average
Average
An American high-carbide stainless steel positioned between 154CM and the premium powder steels.
ElmaxStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
A Swedish powder-metallurgy stainless steel that became a benchmark 'premium' option through the 2010s.
CPM-S35VNStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
58–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
An American powder stainless steel with niobium carbide added over its S30V predecessor.
CPM-S45VNStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
High
Average
High
58–61 HRC
High
Average
High
A refinement of the S30V/S35VN family with more chromium and vanadium for improved corrosion resistance and edge retention.
CPM-S90VStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Very High
Average
Average
58–61 HRC
Very High
Average
Average
A high-vanadium powder stainless steel that became a favourite premium option for its high edge retention.
CPM-S110VStainless
Knife
59–61 HRC
Very High
Below Average
High
59–61 HRC
Very High
Below Average
High
Sits above S90V in both edge retention and corrosion resistance, at a further cost to toughness.
CPM-MagnaCutStainless
Knife
60–64 HRC
High
High
High
60–64 HRC
High
High
High
Designed specifically to eliminate the chromium-carbide trade-off that limits most stainless steels, giving a genuinely rare combination of high toughness, strong edge retention and real corrosion resistance in one steel.
VanaxStainless
Knife
58–60 HRC
Average
Average
Very High
58–60 HRC
Average
Average
Very High
A nitrogen-based powder stainless steel built for extreme corrosion resistance, capable of shrugging off saltwater exposure.
LC200NStainless
Knife
58–60 HRC
Below Average
High
Very High
58–60 HRC
Below Average
High
Very High
A nitrogen-alloyed stainless steel with saltwater-grade corrosion resistance, popular for dive knives.
Nitro-VStainless
Knife
58–61 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
58–61 HRC
Below Average
Very High
High
A stainless steel developed specifically for high toughness at a budget-to-midrange price point.
RWL-34Stainless
Knife
59–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
59–61 HRC
Average
High
Average
A Swedish powder-metallurgy stainless steel closely related to CPM-154, common in higher-end European folders.
DamasteelStainless (PM Damascus)
Both
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
58–61 HRC
Average
Average
Average
A Swedish powder-metallurgy pattern-welded stainless steel, combining two PM stainless alloys to produce a genuine mechanical Damascus pattern.
Wootz / DamascusTraditional
Sword
50–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Below Average
50–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Below Average
Historic crucible and pattern-welded steels associated with early sword-making traditions. Performance varies enormously depending on the specific alloys folded together.
TamahaganeTraditional
Sword
55–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Low
55–60 HRC
Below Average
Average
Low
Traditional Japanese steel smelted from iron sand in a tatara furnace, historically used in katana production.
9260Low-alloy
Sword
55–59 HRC
Below Average
Very High
Low
55–59 HRC
Below Average
Very High
Low
A silicon-manganese spring steel used in some production and reproduction swords for its very high toughness.